制订半结构访谈提纲的套路

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半结构式访谈是质性研究中最为常用的数据收集方法。“质性研究统一报告标准( COREQ): 32 项清单”中第17条是关于访谈提纲的内容:访谈中所用到的问题、提示和提纲等是否由文章作者提供?是否经过预访谈检验?

 

开展半结构式访谈也需要遵循固定的套路(被学术圈所接受的研究方法开展过程)。胡嘉乐在某期文献漫游栏目中写道:“套路在手,科研不愁!其实,无论是科研设计,开展或者写作过程都充满了套路。”他的文章中确实给出了不少这样的套路。今天呈现的就是:制订半结构访谈提纲的套路。

半结构式访谈提纲设计的五个步骤:

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第一步,“确认半结构式访谈的要点”,是基于明确的研究问题,根据问题,研究者决定访谈所要涉及的研究现象或者研究要点,患者隐私该文虽然没有介绍,但从作者最后的问题可以看出,作者关心两个要点,一是患者对隐私保护的看法,二是患者对隐私保护促进因素的看法。

第二步,“获取和使用过往的知识”,这个步骤有点像我前面举的有关“基本信息与研究问题关系表”的例子,通过过往的知识为本次访谈问题提供参考,但每个知识点的使用,不能仅仅是因为前人已经用过,还应该有理论支持。当然,前人知识不一定仅仅是文献,还可以是专家或者小组会议。

第三步,“形成半结构式访谈提纲初稿”,提纲包括两层问题。第一层问题是主题问题,这些问题是解决研究要点所必需的结构性问题,这些问题一般是开放性问题;第二层问题是解释性问题,是对主题问题的进一步解释,是帮助受访者对主题问题的理解,并且帮助受访者给予更多的信息来回答主题问题。访谈提纲只是访谈的指引,访谈时不用完全按照访谈提纲上的每一个问题进行提问,比如说,受访者根据主题问题已经回答了相关信息,有的解释性问题就不需要在访谈过程中使用。

第四步,“访谈提纲的预访谈检验”。虽然访谈提纲只是指引,但它确定了访谈问题的提问顺序,有些较难回答、较抽象或者较隐私的问题,如果在一开始就提出,可能会造成整个访谈过程的进展不顺利,又或者访谈对象的文化差异或者生活背景差异,对研究者问题所用词语可能不理解。这些问题都需要通过预访谈检验来修正。

第五步,“呈现完整的访谈提纲”,完整的访谈提纲不仅能够保证访谈的统一性,并且在此基础上,能更好地根据前一次访谈结果修改下一次访谈的访谈提纲。

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